On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. Michio Kobayashi The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. The Turning Point in the Pacific. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. Since the Japanese planes were returning from the Midway strike, Spruance ordered that his strike be launched without delay so as to maximize the chances that the Japanese carriers would be caught while landing planes or spotting the next wave. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. Spruance graduated from the U.S. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. How did Paul's education [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. northwestward of Midway. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. Advertisement Still have questions? Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Naval Academy at Annapolis. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. 2015. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Retribution was not long in coming. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. He was then 55. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. serious damage on the islands installations. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. The main auditorium of the U.S. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. With the island's fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. They find and score 3 hits on the USS Yorktown, but also sustain heavy losses. His chance would come. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. That same year he received a new assignment: assistant machinery inspector at the Newport News, Va., dry dock, where the battleship Pennsylvania was being outfitted. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. 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