(2012, February 18). The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. (2009). Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its It emerged from china and spread worldwide in a quick time span. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. International relations debates have become increasingly dominated by structural theories since Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. published their institutional argument in Power and Interdependence (1977). Wells, T. (1994). Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). Despite this need, research on sexual assault in the military was scant before the early 2000s. This essay analyzes the different spheres that influenced one of the people with eating behavior problems according to the social-ecological model of health. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. Ashton, A. Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. Human and human social systems are matter. This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. A popular explanation comes from the field of evolutionary biology and claims that a tendency toward warfare is hardwired into our genetic heritage because it conferred certain evolutionary advantages. By contrast, The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspective views war through the lens of the social sciences, looking at the causes, processes and effects of war and drawing from a vast group of fields such as communication and mass media, economics, political science and law, psychology and sociology. A social issue is a problem that reduces the quality of life of people. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). Hartung, W. D. (2012). War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Why. Although 55 million is more than 40 million, the worlds population in the thirteenth century was only one-seventh its population during the World War II period. Although she survived, it took seventeen surgeries to turn her whole again. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html. The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. (2012). Choose one of the five social institutions. This book has emphasized that children are often the innocent victims of various social problems from the time they are born, with important consequences for their futures. The war of social media," Popular Science, 288 (2 . In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A6. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. McKeeby, D. (2008, February 25). The geopolitical nuclear landscape . Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. The Nation. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. (2011). Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. In 2010, more than 19,000 US military personnel, most of them women, were raped or sexually assaulted (Stalsburg, 2011). US veterans: By the numbers. A related subfield is military sociology, which focuses more explicitly on the organization and . Tirman, J. Third, and helping to explain the success of this lobbying, military spending provides jobs and income to the home districts of members of Congress. Many came back addicted to heroin and other drugs, many were unemployed, and many became homeless. Washington, DC: Author. 1). China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). Values may be influenced by multiple factors including social, religious, and personal views. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). Shah, A. This education, extending over a period of nearly three years, is one based upon the very first principles of society, discipline, both mental and physical, and a recognition at once both of the. As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. 4 Units. Choose one of the five social institutions. (2012, February 17). Source: First F-35C Flight, Wikipedia, Last modified on November 20, 2011, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. The following are common examples of a social issue. The Three "Waves" That Built the Portfolio. An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. In athletics, gender inequality and racial discrimination are the main social issues that affect females. As a reminder, the social science principles we focus on in this course are social roles, social institutions, social norms, and beliefs and values. Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. napalm sticks to kids. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. It . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Virtual reality War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). New York, NY: Penguin. To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Tirman, J. Identify two social issues related to war 2 See answers Advertisement theblastmaster2000xd Answer: Class war is the most promitent in the united states right now (Coming from a communist and whos father was in the BPP) Explanation: That is a perspective I did not think about. This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). Feinstein, A. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. When a napalm bomb explodes, it ignites an enormous fireball that burns everything in its path. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. Boot, M. (2012). A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. A recent study found that adolescents with a deployed parent are more likely than those with civilian parents to feel depressed and suicidal. Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. Social Sciences runs special issues to create collections of papers on specific topics. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. Now, all I see is blood (Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. 4). As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. ABC News. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. The social sciences are primarily academic enterprises, more so than either the biological or physical sciences, and the academic portion of the discipline is not only overwhelmingly larger than other sectors but also overpoweringly more prestigious. Our guests begin by discussing Russian grand strategy and by framing the threat posed by Russia to US national security. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from by clicking the purchase button below $12.00 Added to cart Related Questions: Watch this clip from the popular TV show Adam Ruins Everything titled The Secret Reason Weed is Illegal . Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. Our specialists will write a custom essay on any topic for $13.00 $10.40/page. Prompt: During the first week of the . Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. However, issues also affect higher education, and we examine a few of them here. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. Voice of America News. The Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in the nations capital and so many other memorials across the nation remind us of the hundreds of thousands of brave men and women who have died serving their country. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. These wars cost the United States about $1.3 trillion through 2012, for an average of more than $100 billion annually (Harrison, 2012). This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . McKeon, H. P. B. Choose one of the five social institutions. However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. Leitenberg, M. (2006). Tirman notes that approximately 6 million civilians and soldiers died in the Korean, Vietnam/Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan wars. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. The United States has been at war in one-fifth of the years it has existed (Bumiller, 2010). The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. Identify two social science issues related to war. Identify two social science issues related to war. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0. The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. New York, NY: Penguin. Gerber, S. (2012, February 7). Baker, L. (2012, February 18). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. By 2011, NIJ's solicitation for social science research on forensic science yielded several solid proposals, and we were able to fund five projects. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. The Nation. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. Evidence from a national survey of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans underscores the problems they face (Pew Research Center, 2011). That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 A.I.D.E. Some verses follow. Wheeler, W. T. (2009). New York, NY: Routledge. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. Holland, J. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. More than 20,000 nuclear warheads now exist; 4,800 are operational and almost 2,000 (held by the United States and Russia) are on high alert, ready to be used at any time (Federation of American Scientists, 2011). A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. Social research can help solve them. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . Many examples of this impact exist, but one well-known example involves the defeat of Germany in World War I, which led to a worsening economy during the next decade that in turn helped fuel the rise of Hitler. Harrison, T. (2012). I think it partly reflects a better understanding of the problems that led to war. The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. Four decades later, questions of deceit were again raised after the United States began the war against Iraq because of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. Federation of American Scientists. Another issue would be the stress on the families who have a service member deployed in a war zone . What it means to be a democrat. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . Chapter 1 / Exercise 3 Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. There are also many innocent victims in wartime, but when children are victims, our hearts especially go out to them. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. Solomon, N. (2006). Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. These actions did destroy the countryside, but they also destroyed humans. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm; http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm; Hacker, J. D. (2011, September 20). 7 answers. (2012, January 2). The shadow world: Inside the global arms trade. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question 29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 24 Hours. (1999). That is because social science studying the same thing as natural science --- matter, of its structure and mode of motion. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. Key features include: For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. Poverty, discrimination, and addiction are examples of such problems. Identify two social science issues related to education. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. Chapter 15 Population and the Environment also discussed environmental change as a source of armed conflict, including war (Fisman & Miguel, 2010). APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. England, G. (2012, February 5). But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. Question DescriptionIdentify two social science issues related to war. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. to social improvement. The cause for despair is twofold. Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. (2012, January 8). Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012).
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