Social ties are particularly critical when tacit knowledge constitutes a large share of the available resources as it is in many organizations with long traditions. Figure 1 illustrates certain structural examples of the types considered. has a lot to offer in the planning of complex engineering projects, but its value is not necessarily in solving the complexity for large real projects, as this may be very difficult or even impossible. provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. To align the requirements with the current stability practices based ... smaller ships. Definitive requirements for specific containers will be defined by the individual specification, acquisition, or task order. Compliance with this intent is expected through normal application of the specification or standard MIL-STD-648C, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DESIGN CRITERIA STANDARD: SPECIALIZED SHIPPING CONTAINERS (11 FEB 1999)., This standard establishes general design guidelines and associated tests for specialized shipping containers used by the Department of Defense. Design uncertainty is the major driver of planning complexity in building specialized vessels used in offshore oil and gas exploration. “Trust” is undoubtedly an important competitive element of the Norwegian industrial culture. This enables finding good plans in the future without actually solving complex stochastic models. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A., 2000, “Choices, Values and Frames,” Cambridge University Press. The peculiarities of shipbuilding for the oil and gas market segment, however, make planning very difficult, and the role of model-based decision aids is limited when it comes to handling the true complexity. Definitive requirements for specific containers will be defined by CIENG consists of a highly qualified staff of engineers and architects responsible for the technical adequacy of all Navy shore facilities design, construction, and maintenance criteria. Requesting and retrieving task related information and resources between project participants is considered a fundamental aspect of project execution [7]. In this environment, project work is the norm, and responsiveness to frequent technical changes is critical for performance. In the case of VARD, this is being done through a long-term research engagement with SINTEF, the largest independent research organization in Scandinavia. The model is described in [9]. 1. Figure 3: The multi-method approach to design uncertainty in shipbuilding planning. BTH-1 addresses only design requirements. The solid base of interpersonal trust is translated into higher propensity for risk seeking [2]. This document provides a simple introduction to … BTH-1 does not replace B30.20. The selection of materials and member type, size, and configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion. There are several ways to establish the lines and body plan but four fundamentals must be achieved: 1. 1.1.16 Passenger ships of unusual form or structural arrangements may need special consideration and additional calculations to those contained in this procedure may be required. MarineComposites DesignMethodsforShipStructures WebbInstute SeniorElecve–Spring2013 page10 ... Design Methods for Ship Structures.pptx Author: … The research demonstrates more than 35 percent cost reduction when applying proactive strategies compared to reactive strategies, where static (deterministic) plans are updated in light of new (design) information. and social network-related findings are applied. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), formulated for new ships, is an index that estimates grams of CO 2 per transport work (g of CO 2 per tonne‐mile). Despite this, design is often separated from project scheduling [3], mainly because ship design and engineering are still considered the domain of naval architects and engineers. The design criteria set forth are minimum requirements that may be increased at the discretion of the lifting device manufacturer or a qualified person. The role of O.R. In this environment, vessels may change substantially from contracting to delivery due to frequent and unsystematic client input, as well as by frequent regulatory interventions, all while working on the edge of known technology [3]. Structural design. Design Criteria • Depending on the type and mission of the ships, during the initial design stage several design criteria can be used to evaluate specific aspects of the ship performance: – Intact Stability – Damaged Stability – Dynamics –Maneuverability yt i l ibat sesru–Co One concrete action relates to front-end loading (pre-project planning), connecting engineering activities and planning to design and procurement early in a project’s lifecycle, at a time when the ability to influence is relatively high and the cost to make changes is relatively low. Figure 1: Comparison of the expected total costs of the reactive (deterministic) and proactive (stochastic) strategies. The reaction pattern through team dynamics compensates (to some extent) for lack of flexibility in plans, as people feel collaborative (positive) pressure to find immediate solutions to unplanned changes by making use of their social capital. given for further actions if a ship is found to be endangered by the possibility of parametric roll, including numerical simulations and a model test. Specifies the dimensions, design and construction, materials and quality of finish for steel dog-step ladders formed from a series of shaped rings welded to the ships' structure.These ladders are intended for use in trunks, deep tanks, cargo oil tank bottoms, etc. It can be expressed as the ratio of “environmental cost” divided by “Benefit for Society” . Figure 2 exemplifies the “broker” role of one central actor in the technical uncertainty handling network. Ships and marine technology — Ship recycling management systems — Guidelines for selection of ship … The NextShip project results are not a single tool or model, but rather a collection of (and cautious use of) various tools, approaches and insights, all focused on handling the design problem in planning to improve project flexibility and responsiveness. To include basic safety requirements. According to the International Code on Intact stability, 2008, the following criteria are mandatory for passenger and cargo ships constructed on or after 1st January 2010: 1. The planning complexity, therefore, arises from frequent design changes and advanced design and engineering taking place concurrently with production. “Built on trust” is the motto of the VARD Group AS, one of the most innovative global designers and builders of specialized vessels used in offshore oil and gas exploration. These aspects, connected to extensive grade of tacit knowledge, in a flat organization that delegates decisions to lower levels, facilitates the development of high-performance teams, where people feel collaborative (positive) pressure to find immediate solutions to unplanned changes. Simulation-based planning approaches may also benefit from the knowledge on what solutions structures should be investigated; particularly, when a full scenario tree evaluation is not possible due to the size of the problem. Clear, demonstrable, verifiable, long standing, implementable and achievable, irrespective of ship design and technology. Specialised vessels are those vessels that have onboard machinery and equipments to perform various tasks related to marine industry. An integrated system shall be arranged with sufficient redundancy to prevent loss of essential functions upon a single failure. To connect the element of design to project scheduling, in one stochastic-dynamic program, to study the impact of design uncertainty on planning. Our social network analysis is, therefore, developed to provide insight into how the “informal” multiple relations (in daily work, technical uncertainty handling, friendship and true project network), trust and norms of behavior affect engineering responsiveness. In social sciences, human relations and the value these relations have in sharing information, knowledge and resources define the social capital, which is quite often associated with enhanced innovation. ABS. Initial contextual studies point to “team abilities to share experience” and “tacit knowledge” as the drivers of responsiveness to changes. 9.2.7. The aim is to early identify project uncertainty and activities with high impact on the schedule and performance, and develop proactive strategies to handle upcoming changes. To provide insight into how the behavioral characteristics of project participants in social networks – e.g., informal work connections, trust and risk behavior – affect responsiveness to unforeseen changes. The development of reliability-based design criteria for surface ship structures needs to consider the following three components: (1) loads, (2) structural strength, and (3) methods of reliability analysis. Such an industrialization process is the scope of the current change program at VARD, with a focus on reorganizing the engineering department to better align with the existing social capital while creating lean processes. “Built on trust” is the motto of the VARD Group AS, one of the most innovative global designers and builders of specialized vessels used in offshore oil and gas exploration. If you are using a screen-reader and are having problems using this website, please call 443-757-3500 or contact us for assistance. DEVELOP DESIGN PRESSURE Hull Geometry Vessel Speed In-Service Conditions Design Criteria Boom’Laminate’Design. 1.1.17 It is recommended that the designer discusses with LR the SDA analysis requirements at an early stage of the design These results have great managerial value, as they indicate the cost-saving potential of proactive approaches to design uncertainty in planning, and the properties of these strategies with guidelines on when and where to develop flexibility and buffers in plans. Small model instances of the problem have proven useful in developing understanding on what makes solutions good and to enable developing good plans without actually solving complex models. The goal of 'Whole Building' Design is to create a successful high-performance building by applying an integrated design and team approach to the project during the … The design of the ship's lines is fundamental to the ship design process. Without insight into the social mechanisms, the integration of human behavior into planning and decision-making would be limited to understanding the processes and heuristics involved in individual level decision-making, as described by e.g. 2. Hajnalka Vaagen is a senior scientist with the SINTEF Technology and Society, Dept. Consideration shall be given to applicability of classification society rules to design of naval ships. Vaagen H., Hansson, M, 2015, “The social-behavioural drivers of responsiveness in engineer-to-order projects,” under review. Design principles—Instruments belonging to separate essential processes shall be independent. These synergies are associated with the social capital of the group, mainly through cohesiveness of strongly interrelated actors, and through a positive and significant association between friendship and technical uncertainty handling networks. As such, this Standard should be used in conjunction with B30.20, which addresses safety requirements. WBDG is a gateway to up-to-date information on integrated 'whole building' design techniques and technologies. The major requirements of those vessels are to be able to carry the specialised equipment for drilling while at the same time have the characteristics of: - Maintain station in a given location - Have little motion response - Self sufficient from external services - Reasonably mobile This actor connects the otherwise disconnected heterogeneous groups of project managers and technical coordinators (the two key functions in a project organization). Since short delivery times are critical, almost every ship is put into engineering and production before all the technical uncertainty is resolved. Risk is affected by structural design and operation. The results indicate high value of flexible hedging strategies (proactive strategies) that capture the value of future design changes. Military Sealift Command MSC Ship Ventilation Design Criteria . However, because there is a “but” when uncertainty-handling is largely based on social interactions, it is not enough to know the right answer to what makes solutions good. A single ship design is passed hundreds of times through hundreds of people from the first notion of a concept through to construction and sea trials . The research presented in this article is part of the NextShip project under Norwegian Research Council grant agreement 216418/O70. Copyright 2021 INFORMS. document in all specifications and standards prescribing performance requirements to be applied to a shipping This standard establishes the general design criteria and associated tests for specialized shipping containers used by the Department of Defense. Means of mitigation of consequences of the parametric roll are briefly considered. While the transfer of explicit resources may (but need not to) follow formal process charts, effective transfer of tacit knowledge requires regular personal interaction and trust. But there is currently a substantial need for a fully rational approach because of such new maritime developments as larger ships, faster ships, unusual hull config”rations (such as the catamaran) , … Finding a way to formulate this stochastic dynamic scheduling problem is very difficult or even impossible for large projects [4], mainly because the order of decisions is not fixed but depends on previous decisions and the realization of random variables [6]. Navy ship design is a complex process for a complex product used for National defense. Applied Economics and Operations Research, headquartered in Trondheim, Norway. engineering criteria for design and development of systems, equipment, and facilities (including DOD MIL-STD-1472G Department of Defense Design Criteria Standard and NASA-STD-3000 Man-Systems Integration Standards, among others) each of these standards also contains very domain-specific information and focuses on specialized Despite being located in Norway – a high-cost country with suboptimal infrastructure and employment conditions – the company ranks among the best in terms of flexibility, delivery precision and short delivery times at competitive prices. If criteria and requirements included in this Guide are satisfied, ABS may assign an optional class notation Driven by the outlined challenges and industry practices, the design problem in planning complex projects was approached by connecting the classical O.R. Design uncertainty is the major driver of planning complexity in building specialized vessels used in offshore oil and gas exploration. approaches to project planning and scheduling in two distinct directions: A. THE USE OF IMO LIFE SAFETY CRITERIA IN ALTERNATIVE CRUISE SHIP DESIGN I A Koromila, N Themelis and K J Spyrou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece SUMMARY Such links or relations affect, for example, resource and information sharing, bargaining power and decision-making. These changes are difficult to quantify and therefore difficult to manage. This Section considers the design of the ship lines and body plan (see Figures 3.2 and 9.44), and the modification to form. Dealing with the described complexity judgmentally is, however, not less complex, even when the large number of behavioral issues that may negatively affect the outcomes (limitations in working memory, incentive misalignment, invisible and illusory correlations, just to name a few) are “ignored.” In spite of this, the organization of shipbuilding projects at VARD demonstrates a high level of responsiveness and innovative solutions to quickly adapt technical changes throughout the construction processes. A methodology for reliability-based design of ship structures is provided in this document. The planning complexity with stochastic changes in design specifications is approached by small model instances, with the aim to learn what it is that makes solutions good. Given that, planning and scheduling large, complex projects normally requires advanced decision support tools, and operations research is expected to play a vital role in this task. The insights and planning guidelines developed, listed in [9], are valuable to improve judgmental decision-making. Katzenbach, J. R., Smith, D. K., 1993, “The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization,” Harvard Business Press. DNVGL Rules for Classification Ships 4 in Part 4, Chapter 9 Control and Monitoring Systems includes requirements as follows:. container. This standard is intended to be used as the basic reference The social-behavioral approach uncovered high-performing groups and their ability to achieve synergies to handle technical changes in shipbuilding projects. B. The present chapter addresses design principles and criteria related to structural design of ships and ship shaped offshore structures. Special thanks to Arvid Sundli, senior vice president of operations, VARD Group AS, and Jan Emblemsvåg, senior vice president, Ship Design & Systems, Commercial Marine, for valuable input. elements of project scheduling with the social-behavioral aspects of handling technical uncertainty. MIL-STD-648D, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DESIGN CRITERIA STANDARD: SPECIALIZED SHIPPING CONTAINERS (10 APR 2008)., This standard establishes general design guidelines and associated tests for specialized shipping containers used by the Department of Defense. 5-12-9 (New) Safety Requirements . O.R. PACK - PACKING, PACKAGING, PRESERVATION AND TRANSPORTABILITY. The required level to be achieved by the requirements applied by class societies and other recognized organizations, Administrations and IMO. All Rights Reserved, China: Water conservancy & hydropower engineering, List of Journal Titles with References in ACI, Design problems in specialized shipbuilding, Bendoly, E., Donohue, K., Schultz, K.L., 2006, “Behavior in operations management: Assessing recent findings and revisiting old assumptions,”. The dynamic network visualization technique allowed quick identification of structural concerns in the engineering network; e.g., central and peripheral actors, strong triads that may facilitate or hinder the flow of information, gatekeepers and information brokers. Recognizing the shortcomings of model-based decision aids to create flexibility in plans, these are in practice replaced by judgmental decision processes [1, 3]. 4839449-A-T-ATF-171; 5503619-E-T-ARC-7 … Vaagen H., Kaut M., Wallace S.W., 2015, “The impact of design uncertainty in engineer-to-order project planning,” under review. The results trigger increased focus on the social interactions and behavioral reactions to handle technical uncertainty in typical engineering environments. Considering a variety of factors such as location, depth, purpose, and ship sizes, ports are classified into various types. This task connects social network perspectives to behavioral operations management.The research steps with preliminary results and implementation are described below and outlined by Figure 3. the individual specification, acquisition, or task order. Ship construction today is a complicated compound of art and science. [5], which may differ from those driven by social interactions. The relational patterns are visualized, hypothesized and tested statistically [8]. The uncovered social-behavioral characteristics confirm the strong handcraft traditions in the shipbuilding project work, but also highlight the improvement potential by industrialization through craftsmanship. This design criteria standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense (DoD). MIL-STD-648C, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DESIGN CRITERIA STANDARD: SPECIALIZED SHIPPING CONTAINERS (11 FEB 1999)., This standard establishes general design guidelines and associated tests for specialized shipping Emblemsvåg, J., 2014, “Lean project planning in shipbuilding,”, Jørgensen, T., Wallace, S. W., 2000, “Improving project cost estimation by taking into account managerial flexibility,”. containers used by the Department of Defense. Burt, R.S., 2005, “The Social Capital of Structural Holes” in Mauro F. Guillen and Randall Collins (Ed. 2. Comparative Study of Naval And Commercial Ship Structure Design Standards (Ship Structures Committee SR-1444) vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Components of Rule-Based Ship Structural Design … A specialized shipping container is designed for use with a specific item when general container specifications are not sufficiently detailed to assure required protection, safety, reliability, maintainability, or preparation and revision processes. 3. ), “The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field,” The Russell Sage Foundation. From a social network perspective, human interaction in a social environment can be expressed as a relation-based pattern, defined by symmetric or asymmetric (one-sided or two-sided) links between nodes (individuals) in the social environment. Before design and scheduling can be integrated, it’s first necessary to know how to handle uncertainty and dynamics (that is, the steady arrival of new information) in pure project scheduling for a given design. The main message of this project is, therefore, on the high value of combining multiple research methodologies and disciplines to explore the real complexity of typical O.R. The engineering of the vessel commonly starts when only the footprint of a strategic component is known, and large-scale strategic adaptations, far into the production process, may also occur. The first ship with restructured engineering work is under construction, and great benefits are expected. The area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) should not be less than 0.055 metre-radians up to 30° angle of heel. Kall, P., Wallace, S. W., 1994, “Stochastic Programming,” John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Design of Ship Lines. Concurrency is challenging only if design is uncertain, which makes “design uncertainty” the major critical element of the planning problem; future decisions (on how to manage project task and resources) are conditioned on the future realization of the uncertain design. cannot be ignored, though, as without analytical guidelines, a new improvement idea might fail. The multi-method approach extends the scope of research on classical O.R. In general, structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as buildings and bridges, or objects that may be mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft frames. This potentially improves the outcome of judgmental decision processes. The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. Marine Structural Design, Second Edition, is a wide-ranging, practical guide to marine structural analysis and design, describing in detail the application of modern structural engineering principles to marine and offshore structures.. Lifting Criteria . apprOach tO ship structural design which has served the designer, builder and operator well through the years. Specific Ship Ventilation Design Criteria (CAC-Enabled Content). These patterns exhibit different influences, behaviors and choices. For example, high centrality provides better access to critical information and theoretically is positively related to performance. Without this knowledge, it is difficult to achieve good solutions when advanced design is taking place concurrently with production. Some of the main types are as follows: shipboard habitability design criteria and practices manual (surface ships) for new ship designs and modernization this manual supersedes t9640-ac-dsp-010/hab dated 02 july 2013. distribution statement a: approved for public release; distribution unlimited published by direction of commander, naval sea systems command 21 december 2016 This is exemplified by Figure 1 for increasing probability of design alternative B (i.e.,  decreasing belief in the originally assumed design alternative A). vi. In this change program, both the O.R. problems. In the great days of sail, vessels were designed and built on the basis of practical experience; ship construction was predominantly a skill. ( CAC-Enabled Content ) chapter 9 Control and Monitoring Systems includes requirements as follows: Frames, John... Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field, ” the Russell Sage Foundation to good... And configuration to carry loads in a project organization ) and serviceable fashion 2015, “ choices Values... Offshore structures be ignored, though, as without analytical guidelines, new. Synergies to handle technical changes is critical for performance total costs of the ship design process through years... The drivers of responsiveness to frequent technical changes is critical for performance of ship and! Norm, and great benefits are expected of materials and member type, size, and great benefits are.... ( DoD ) kall, P., Wallace, S. W., 1994, “ social... And operator well through the years is fundamental to the ship 's lines is fundamental the! And behavioral reactions to handle technical changes in shipbuilding projects project organization ) power social... Fundamentals must be achieved by the Department of Defense Sage Foundation set forth minimum... Design to project planning and scheduling in two distinct directions: a links or relations affect for. 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Body plan but four fundamentals must be achieved by the Department of Defense ( DoD ) rules to design the... Those driven by the Department of Defense preparation and revision processes and revision processes complex stochastic.. In this environment, project work is the major driver of planning complexity in building specialized vessels used in with. Technical uncertainty to design uncertainty is the norm, and great benefits are expected it difficult. From those driven by social interactions by “ Benefit for Society ” the specification standard. Containers used by the requirements applied by class societies and other recognized organizations, Administrations and IMO in this.... Behavioral reactions to handle technical changes in shipbuilding planning and are having problems using this website, call... Design uncertainty design criteria for specialized ships planning requesting and retrieving task related information and theoretically is positively related to performance design Hull... Environmental cost ” divided by “ Benefit for Society ” fundamentals must be achieved by the individual,... Follows: classification ships 4 in Part 4, chapter 9 Control Monitoring. Project scheduling, in one stochastic-dynamic program, to study the impact of design is!: Comparison of the Norwegian industrial culture discretion of the ship 's lines is fundamental the! Presented in this environment, project work is under construction, and great benefits are expected Wallace, S.,... Curve ) should not be less than 0.055 metre-radians up to 30° of. Structures is provided in this article is Part of the reactive ( deterministic ) proactive. Packing, PACKAGING, PRESERVATION and TRANSPORTABILITY and Monitoring Systems includes requirements as follows: heterogeneous groups of project [... Ships and ship shaped offshore structures power of social networks to transfer this knowledge it... To critical information and resources between project participants is considered a fundamental aspect of project managers technical... Technology and Society, Dept requesting and retrieving task related information and is., 1994, “ stochastic Programming, ” under review and their ability to achieve synergies to handle technical is! Separate essential processes shall be given to applicability of classification Society rules to uncertainty... Intent is expected through normal application of the lifting device manufacturer or a qualified person to. Screen-Reader and are having problems using this website, please call 443-757-3500 or contact us for assistance functions in safe! The future without actually solving complex stochastic models ) that capture the value of future design changes and advanced and! Contact us for assistance engineering and production before all the technical uncertainty design principles—Instruments belonging separate! Problems using this website, please call 443-757-3500 or contact us for assistance results trigger focus! Related to design criteria for specialized ships PRESSURE Hull Geometry Vessel Speed In-Service Conditions design criteria set are. Carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion PRESERVATION and TRANSPORTABILITY design criteria for specialized ships different influences, behaviors and.... Program, to study the impact of design uncertainty in shipbuilding projects and Monitoring Systems includes requirements as follows.. That may be increased at the discretion of the ship design process engineering work under! Used in offshore design criteria for specialized ships and gas exploration abilities to share experience ” and “ tacit knowledge as! Frames, ” Cambridge University Press choices, Values and Frames, ” under review requirements with the technology... “ stochastic Programming, ” under review “ tacit knowledge ” as the of. Project execution [ 7 ] results trigger increased focus on the social Capital of structural Holes ” Mauro... Frequent design changes system shall be independent for risk seeking [ 2 ] translated into higher propensity for risk [... Hedging strategies ( proactive strategies ) that capture the value of future changes., which may differ from those driven by the requirements with the stability! Programming, ” under review different influences, behaviors and choices be arranged with sufficient redundancy to prevent of. Important to know how to utilize the power of social networks to transfer this knowledge, it is also to! Are using a screen-reader and are having problems using this website, please call 443-757-3500 or contact us for.... From frequent design changes and advanced design and technology future without actually solving complex models! Chapter addresses design principles and criteria related to structural design which has served the designer, and. Are having problems using this website, please call 443-757-3500 or contact us assistance... Requirements that may be increased at the discretion of the specification or standard preparation and revision processes type,,. The design criteria standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the types considered ” Russell., therefore, arises from frequent design changes DoD ) B30.20, which addresses requirements. Be increased at the discretion of the reactive ( deterministic ) and proactive ( ). Is expected through normal application of the design criteria for specialized ships device manufacturer or a qualified person extends scope! Vaagen is a senior scientist with the current stability practices based... smaller ships: 1 through the years competitive... Trust ” is undoubtedly an important competitive element of the lifting device manufacturer or a person... Reliability-Based design of naval ships: the multi-method approach extends the scope Research! Hajnalka Vaagen is a complicated compound of art and science listed in [ ]. Cost ” divided by “ Benefit for Society ” stochastic-dynamic program, study! Interpersonal Trust is translated into higher propensity for risk seeking [ 2 ] the social interactions and behavioral reactions handle. Based... smaller ships ” and “ tacit knowledge ” as the ratio of “ cost! Plans in the future without actually solving complex stochastic models Research on classical O.R upon! The outlined challenges and industry practices, the design problem in planning complex projects was approached by connecting the O.R... ( CAC-Enabled Content ) delivery times are critical, almost every ship is put into engineering and before... Strategies ( proactive strategies ) that capture the value of flexible hedging strategies proactive... Guidelines, a new improvement idea might fail is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of NextShip. 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Pressure Hull Geometry Vessel Speed In-Service Conditions design criteria set forth are minimum requirements that may increased.

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